فصلنامه تاریخ فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 6 (بهار 1391)

Though philosophy of history like other fields of knowledge has its roots in eastern traditional knowledge, as an epistemological branch it appeared in West and then entered in East. Present states of knowledge in Islamic Iran, particularly with regard to the necessities and grounds of change in humanities, have prepared an opportunity to present a proposal in the field of philosophy of history. The paper, having reviewed the most important matters of the two main branches of philosophy of history including theoretical philosophy of history and critical philosophy of history, has brought the failures of common classification into consideration and has given its reasonable proposal for making the matters of the field native with regard to religious teachings in five main topics including philosophy of metahistory, philosophy of the set of historical events, philosophy of historical event, philosophy of history, and philosophy of the propositions of history.

This paper, having referred to the importance and profits of history, seeks to survey the pathology of history and historiography in Imam Khomeini`s view in detail. The study has centered on such problems as historian`s impartiality, distorting history, carelessness in writing historical events down, lack of critique and analysis in historiography, lack of attention to common people in compiling history and lack of a Quranic consideration in historical analytics in Imam Khomeini`s thought.

Some extensive studies have taken place by now in the field of Abbasid`s appearance, duration and disappearance of Caliphate. Yet, there can be found many considerable aspects of truth in the mind of historians needed to be described. The problem of the study is: what influence did the structure of Abbasid`s political power have on Islamic civilization? The first hypothesis posing itself in mind can be considered as: the inner coherence of the structure of Abbasid`s political power, centered in Caliphate institution, may be known as an agent of growth and as a ground for appearing a golden age and a model for Islamic civilization relying on an eastern caliphate. The author has used theoretic systemic model and inner coherence rhomb to examine the hypothesis. The method of the study is an analytic-descriptive method common in historical studies.

Religious toleration meant as being lenient to and bearing opponents thoughts and ideas, has been accepted in Islam as a principle.During the history, Islamic states have been lenient to the followers of other religions in their realm and this method of governmental action has been counted as one of their bold character. Yet, the religious toleration has not been of one form; it had been of many ups and downs. In fourth and fifth centuries, Ale􀀂Booye`s Shia government has been lenient to all religions and Islamic sects and used their capability in governmental affairs. In this way, the government had prepared the grounds for all cultural groups to grow to such an extent that this age has been known as the golden age of Islamic culture and civilization.

The last Ibn `Alqami has been known as Alle Abbas` most influential and successful Shia minister. During his fourteen years of ministry, he tried to close to Moghuls with friendly relationship and prevent their invasion. Because of unwisely decisions of the Caliphate and his revenge seeker in the government, however, his wisely measured attempts failed. Therefore, moghul`s armies attacked and the state of caliphate fell.Yet, some historians have distorted the truth and tried to introduce Ibn Alqami as a traitor and collaborator with Moghuls in destroying Abbasid caliphate. While as is the truth, Ibn `Alqami has acted as a deserved politician, scientist, literary person and supported scholars. He passed away a few months after the falling of Baghdad.

The problem of Destiny and Predestination and, following it, determinism because of its complicated nature has always been misused in different ways. As is understood by Amavid texts including letters and speeches clearly, determinism has been a common idea in their age. The paper deals with the problem with regard to the part by Amavid rulers and considers some Amavid caliphates` speeches in isolation. The method is based on gathering various historical evidences of valid sources, analyzing them briefly and concluding new ideas. As is concluded by the paper, Amavids rulers have played a part in supporting determinism directly and indirectly.